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Inner-party decision-making - the basics

The basic principles of internal party decision-making has Ulrich von Alemann in his book "The party system of the Federal Republic of Germany" laid down in the chapter [1] .

Alemannian first warns against underestimating the complexity of the topic, as parties are extremely complex organizations. Many actors with different objectives that move on a platform whose principles themselves are continuously changing. The political science could learn a lot of organizational research.

Already in his introduction know Alemannian out the contradiction of any intra-organizational democracy: Either the Board refers to the base, however, refers to socially no echo (no power expansion of the organization). Or the leadership gets involved in co-operation partner, which, however, to the detriment of Members' interests go.

"representation recruitment and administration are difficult to be optimized problems, they often lead to buffer conflicts and to an organizational internal differentiation to the conflicting requirements." (Aleman, p.127)

Legal basis:

The inner-party democracy is derived from Article 21 of the Basic Law, as well as in the guiding principles of Article 20 paragraph 1 GG. Until 1967, the parties created under pressure from the Federal Constitutional Court of the Political Parties Law. From out of it can be derived principles for inner-party democracy:

Party Internal:

• Vertical construction: from bottom to top, from the base to the leadership, all the power in theory to the base
• Functional design: regular election of board members, responsibilities of board members over the party conventions, recallable, separation of powers (party arbitrators independently by the Board)
• Regional Building: embarrassing split with certain transfers of competence, but also by strong Durchgrifsrecht point against "dissenting part associations"
• fundamental rights of members: equal rights and equal voting rights, freedom of expression, protection from arbitrary exclusion and entry refusal

Ext:

• transparency of the party against public through disclosure requirements of statutes, program and board appointments and disclosure of party finances
• of candidates for federal and state election law requires Democratic nomination by party conventions

to Research of the inner-party democracy:

Whether parties should be organized democratically within the party "shall" and if so, how much is debatable. Here are the two fundamental propositions:

a) After the "governmental inference parties operate in Germany as a Kind of quasi-constitutional body. Thus, it suffices if parties like the German Parliament on the model of representative democracy are organized (current state).
b) After the "participatory and emancipatory 'approach, party members and citizens, the rule of the parties subject. Supporters of this thesis are calling for close ties to the party leadership at its base with as much direct democratic elements (examples:. "Recall" rotation offices, imperative mandate) (see Aleman, p. 133).

"The basic question of intra-party democracy is a key issue of young party sociology already been around the turn of the century. It has since been the political science never let go "(Aleman, p. 133)

THE CLASSICS

As Robert Michel's classic leads Alemann" The Sociology of parties in modern democracy. . Studies on the oligarchic tendencies of group life '(1911) and Moisei Ostrogorski's "structural and systemic problems of democracy" (1902) to

1) Moisei Ostrogorski:

diagnosis
- The consequences of the industrial revolution and the new electoral law exceed the capacity of the citizen
-. Thus emerged as a link between the electorate and the political leaders of political parties.
- Party organizations begin to develop its own, and exercise power and control over an indifferent citizenry.
- Government soabhängig of the party organizations.
- Party organizations, think only of their own benefits: the common good suffers.

solution:
- Abolition of the parties
- instead: The functions of parties are to be transferred to temporary associations with a clear purpose. they dissolve, if the purpose is achieved. (note Author ': Reminiscent of the crew concept of the Pirate Party)
- by this organization is the corrupting influence of political parties neutralized
- a "natural elite", characterized by commitment and skills would the power by the leadership in political issues take (Sounds too much like pirate or Greens in the foundation phase)

reactions : The U.S.
including limited response to the criticism, the power of party organizations. Instead, they sat in an open primary elections (primaries). The noticeable weakness of American political parties today is probably a late consequence of this reform (Aggregated by Aleman, see p. 135).

2) Robert Michel

criticism that parties not in a position to impose democracy within the party for which they were so taken up initially. Therefore, parties would end inevitably in complex societies in the driver's structures.

Michels says that technical conditions of communication would be impossible to find democratic decisions in larger groups. The maximum group for direct-democratic decisions suspected Michel 1,000 and 10,000 people. As a result, delegation of power was necessary. That delegation, however, leads automatically to an "education gap of organization and expertise of a guide layer, so a power advantage to win her. Base of oligarchic power are not only the hierarchy inherent coercive powers, but also knowledge monopolies. "(See Wikipedia) .

The following are the prominent elite corrupted according to Michel's inevitable. Transformed Inner Organizational democracy and the dynamics of the group in ;. stolid, conservative bureaucracy As a result, alienated the elite from its base

Alemann criticized Michels work, however: He had only deterministic theories that are very dubious, deductive "occupied" with case Recording on

The sociology of organizations.. support Michel's basic thesis, however, if a little cautious: According organizations tend to "ruling elites a head of communications, information and other government agents to enter the hand." (Aleman, p. 135)

Frieder Naschold [3] contradicts Michel's pessimism. He writes that effective organizations need, especially in complex societies, internal democracy:

"Organization and democracy, industrial democracy and efficiency are not contradictory but compatible and almost dependent on each other's motivation and participation of members of the organization, decentralization, identification. and increased communication does not interfere, but large organizations strengthened. Against Michaels holds Naschold: more efficiency and democracy through increased participation in organizations. Produce complex societies, one might say to a head, a constraint to increased democracy. (Aleman, p. 135) This theory

Aleman believes it would be too optimistic, and the empirical reality is contradicted organization.

Alem writes in conclusion that hierarchical structures: stability of the action, the motivation and the Inter Verne combinations are possible. In particular, fast-break moves quickly back together.

REFORM PROPOSALS:

is in a later chapter before Alemann which reform proposals are:

1. All power to the voters
2. All power to the members
3. All power to the professionals

1) All power to the voters: Abolish the parties is at the forefront of these proposals. Often referenced by these representatives of the American primaries.

2) All power to the members: parties should therefore learn from the flexible social movements. was an advocate such as Wolfgang Michael with his book "The SPD - State faithful and Family Safe (1988). All evils are therefore of the Parteiapperaten. The solution: Parties should focus more strongly to current issues. Problem but also citizens' initiative to come and go. [In this column would sort them and the proposal of Liquid Democracy.]

3) All power to the professionals: This was also the titles of policy consultant Peter Graff (1991 - SPD). He called for parties to take up as a service company selling a "perfect product". Similar calls Peter Radunski (1991) long-standing campaign manager of the CDU, a party faction in the professionals and not amateurs determine. Joachim Raschke suggested in his book "The Greens. How they became what they are" (1993) the model of a professional "under party" before by a professional core works. Instead members are only supporters.

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(1) From Aleman, Ulrich: The party system of the Federal Republic of Germany, Hemsbach 2001, p. 125-137.
(2) Kaak, Heino: history and structure of the German party system, Opladen 1971st
(3) Naschold, Frederick, Organisation and Democracy, Stuttgart 1969th