first draft text of the second section of the introduction. Theme of the section: the possible evolution of the western democracy. Sources and citations are added step by step. If you do additions, criticisms, or similar sources, they simply post in the comments. Many thanks!
As in the previous post shown, it has the good old representative democracy is not easy. So always ask for more people hearing Participation, involvement, without wishing to submit to the classic party rules and their hierarchical pecking order.
I will argue that the rebellion of "Wutbürgers" at Stuttgart 21, nuclear energy or Zensursula is not accidental, but follows a logical (further) development. Accordingly, the mass distribution of the free communication and interaction space "Internet" due to very specific new features (which the old media did not) an advance in information technology during which comparable in its importance to society about the invention of writing or the invention of printing is.
Both inventions were enormous social changes brought about. Such far-reaching social change - specifically a development of representative democracy to a genuine "participatory democracy 2.0" - could even now be the result.
But first a look back. I would imagine this to develop a bold parallel development of information technologies and social organizations. Accordingly, the development of human nature no history of class struggles (Marx), but a history of information technology. However, without an imperative, not in the sense that a certain technology necessarily a certain organization with the result. Rather in the sense that new information technologies have paved the way for far-reaching changes (which are sometimes followed by very late).
Examples:
- invention of writing and the paper (and others) in Egypt and China allowed the first rule of great empires. Written records make possible. With it has developed the civil service and the possibility of long-term planning (eg pyramids or granary).
- The Roman Empire, among other things broken because it was too large and the information technology of that time were no longer sufficient to quickly enough information by Send to the Empire. Too many wars on too many ends of the empire. Also:. With the increasing size while lack of IT, there was almost "natural" in building up an empire and a deprivation of (to're practically democratically call ends) Senate
- On most democratic on the other hand could be a manageable city states of Greece. Here was the transmission of information (ie, the possibility of political debate) in a good measure to the size of the (self-managed) area. (This did not mean automatically that were "all" city of cities "always" governed democratically, but there was at least the possibility.)
- The Catholic Church held its power for centuries maintained by a (quasi) monopoly of knowledge that was created by thousands of monks who dug deeper in endless copies of Bibles and other works. The Catholic Church was given by their monopoly of knowledge and a kind of monopoly on truth, which gave her great power. This they tried, for good reason, after the invention of the printing press to defend even bloody.
- With the invention of printing was by information leaflets and books distributed much faster and more efficient. The Möchne and with them the churches were stripped of their monopoly. Then came the phase of the Enlightenment. And thus involve a massive weakening of the ancient power of the Catholic Church through the Reformation (which was not based only religious or Enlightenment. Luther has been misunderstood by the farmers, etc.).
- growing in the U.S., the first constitution at all. The young democracy of the United States soon uses the technology of the telegraph pole and the railroad to provide information faster to transport through the country. If the surface state the United States a democracy at all possible without IT? Or is it the U.S. would have fared as the Romans?
- newspapers were quick and the proportion of those who "could read" grew. Presses were more efficient. This lies grow the enlightened middle class and led to the printing press revolution, and shortly thereafter set up the German 48iger Revolution and the first experiments in large nation-states "republics" and early forms of the "democracies". The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau dared to dream of a Volonté générale. Today determination Emnit him every day.
- Only with strict pre-censorship of newspapers and books to keep the monarchy and nobility their domination in the "German Confederation" against the Democrats in control.
- With the introduction of compulsory education in Prussia and the rest of Europe, the share of educated people in the working class. Printed information, increasingly, workers arrived. As a result, formed the working class (Communists and Socialists) and gain influence in Germany.
- The First World War, the old empire buries itself The end result with the Republic Waimarer the first democracy. A free press flourishes for a short time.
- Hitler finally monopolized the diverse information landscape of the Republic, using newspapers, radio (national recipients) and as well as early film / cinema sent for his propaganda. Using the phone's, the entire kingdom govern from his bunker in Berlin without the / s front (s) are.
- arise after the second world war, television, video technology, many forms of print and audio media and thus expanding the range of media. The effect is so strong that we soon speak of a "media democracy". Simon Christiansen, the BILD-Zeitung, ARD Monitor, Der Spiegel, Germany radio, news. Only some of the locations of today's democratic power struggles.
And then, in the late 90's brings AOL "the Internet" repeatedly for the masses
with the mass proliferation of the Internet, the invention of writing or the printing press? Or is it just "another medium?
It seems sensible to me here of a new stage of development assumed. Because the Internet (currently still in its "free" and "uncensored" form) has a whole series of decisive change with it, this medium is different fundamentally from all previous:
[Readers who see themselves as a Digital Native and know the benefits of the Internet compared to traditional media, can this part to "consequences" skip]
abolition of monopolies Information:
- The old information monopoly disappear (possession of expensive printing presses, television stations, radio frequencies, exclusive, exclusive distribution rights to cable TV and satellite, complex distribution channels through publishers, music labels, etc..).
- The decrease costs for the information dissemination (eg via blogs and Twitter) to almost zero.
- As a consequence, from the passive consumer, at any time to be active participants or producer. The boundaries between bloggers and newspaper editor, between podcasters and radio / TV producer, blurring between amateur and professional increasingly short.
Critical Reader & the verifiability of the sources:
- The link: As banal as it sounds, the fast click on a link that allows your own review of sources & original documents. For blogs, there is already a matter of course to link your sources. Traditional media such as Spiegel Online, etc. still find it so difficult to refer and not (yet?) for their (good?) Reputation or see yourself as a trusted source that is not questioned be.
And the most interesting is that not "every" reader examine "every" source, since here also uses the crowd effect. The more important is a message that attracts more readers on the message itself. At the same time thereby increasing the likelihood that one of the thousands of readers pointed checked the source and possibly in the comments on errors.
- No capacity limit: Was Radio & TV air time or a limit of 24 daily newspapers and a limit of a certain number of leaves, there is no natural or on the Web more meaningful limitation. Accordingly, "all" information, also 400-page PDF documents or a wealth of information that previously existed only a few experts, to be published. Technically, it is no longer an obstacle that all citizens - as well as everyone Bundestagsabgeordnetem - all information is made available.
swarm intelligence:
- Many to Many " communication : Stand in the old media system is a" one to many "communication works in the foreground, on the Internet, the" Many to Many . The best communication on major Web companies use this effect: Google Search, Facebook, Twitter, eBay, Flickr, YouTube, Blogger, and many more. This creates the "sharing culture" of the Internet, which is often mistakenly referred to as "Free Culture". Wikipedia, the world of Creative Commons, blogs, Napster, but also community projects such as "Friday" and many more. are an expression of it.
- Wisdom of the Crowd: It's not just about communication, but also to production, consumption and decisions. The Internet allows to transport easily through its ability to gigantic amounts of information, participants with endless incredible scope that often prevail mechanisms based on the concept of " put upward "
Google rated as the basis of the number of links refer to a specified site, whether it is relevant with the help of intensive user analysis, Google can also improve spelling, advertising spam to identify, translate texts in different languages and human. language analysis. Amazon is based on user reviews and customer recommendations, Digg, Twitter and Facebook are fun Pear-to-Pear Review platform for news and products. Interesting news and products are recommended more often and end up on the homepage.
This is referred to context of the "Wisdom of the crowd ", " swarm intelligence" or the "Pear to Pear effect . This effect is now also use donations of collection, credit, start-up and Crowd-Funding websites for industries of all kinds in the early days it approached from a "Web 2.0" or "participatory Web".
- The underestimation of the mass: A journalist asked the founder of Wikipedia who they were because all the people who write about Wikipedia, where they only had the time. This looked back blankly and said that they would probably know best. Because in the U.S. in the television every weekend is aired in more advertising time than work hours flown to date in the Wikipedia be. In short: Should the Americans some day, turn off the television and the Internet, tens of thousands of projects would be possible with the size of Wikipedia.
the same time, important to know that only one of thousands of Wikipedia-reader makes a change to the article. The same applies to other forms of interaction, such as comments or ratings. Offers to operate even in highly satisfactory when only a small percentage of users involved. . One speaks in this case, the "Long Tail" effect
The Internet is fast and forever the same time:
- The Internet is "instant " and "live . Thus, the speed of information dissemination but also the impatience of a reaction with respect to increased dramatically.
- same time do not disappear for more information. Unlike in the era of newspapers, which are a day later out of print (up to a few libraries were still available), remain blog articles & websites usually get. The archives of world knowledge to grow dramatically. And the opening of the archives of the (old) world knowledge (Google Books, for example) begins just beginning
- In will result, "everyone" to experts for specific issues. Impressively demonstrated by the opponents have the Stuttgart 21, the impressive knowledge of train schedules, operations, rail planning, and more vorwiesen.
- Experts Exchange : Also important is that it is just easier in the "Long Tail" for specialized groups to exchange information. Some citizens who want to deal with the issue of normalization of the depth of drainage ditches (example only). Was there a group in the past extremely difficult to talk about this subject in the traditional media, it is now possible so at their own sides, completely undisturbed to do the mainstream. New is also possible that third parties extremely fast, this expert debates on a Google query to find and understand.
best known example is again Stuttgart 21 The opponents of the project had initially than a year - ignored by the mass media - on blogs and web groups in informed and shared.
- The decentralization of the Internet allows to obtain information from other countries and nation states difficult to enforce censorship . While there are already some islands of information, such as China, Iran and Taiwan, European countries and the U.S. have so far held back by political censorship. (However, with more of the technical difficulty, not the political will was.)
This failure of national censorship opens up a freedom of information as there was never before in the history of mankind. (Wikileaks Cencilia and show that this freedom must not stay.)
discussion transparent, organizational costs fall
- discussions on the web (whether as chat, mailing list, Skype video conference call, Wikipedia controversy or comment or discussion forum) are quick, simple, transparent, (permanently) to understand and scalable, as no discussion technology ever before in history (so not necessarily "better"). The comments below debates blog articles are among the best known.
- The decreases costs for the organization of interest groups rapidly. Instead of long-term foundation of clubs today are often rich website, mailing list and Facebook group as a start. The long-term enforcement of interests in a second subject. It appears, however, that as regarded by the community as relevant groups can establish themselves (eg AK stock).
CONSEQUENCES:
As with any progress Informationstechologie in the past, even here a change in society and the expectations of the people is likely.
The citizens are now (with interest) as before much information on how each individual members of parliament. Establish expert groups and citizens can learn, regardless of the mass media in this. Through the Long Tail effect, there is already enough if a small group of people notice an error in a major policy decision in order to large masses of citizens within days, weeks, or months later than to mobilize (Zensursula as an example). This was in the past also possible, however, lasted much longer.
All these effects of the Internet, take a majority voting system (representative democracy), which in its fundamentals in the early 19th Century thought and in the middle of the 20th Century has been specified. At that time it was thought of entirely different principles of information dissemination and other needs in accordance with the participation of the population.
can
In periods of four years, citizens elect "a" party to influence the general direction. A citizen was the Role as a "party member" of modest means. The parties themselves, not the citizens should choose their personal elites.
The expertise you trust only professionals. These were the officials in the ministries, the professional politicians in the Bundestag and selected experts who appeared to anhörte.NGOs behind closed doors in the committees of the Bundestag - if you will - only in the form of "free association" in the Basic Law on. A creative - or even comparable to the parties - the role was not attributed to them.
All this is understandable in view at that time: a wide participation was held on the "intricate details" uninformed population neither practical nor feasible. On the contrary, not even simple direct-democratic elements containing the new constitution. Man spared at that time the "Wisdom of the Crowd", but it was believed the people in free elections alone would Hitler to power and agreed in a referendum. Indeed, the historiography of 2011 is more specific. We now know that many factors were responsible for the seizure of power and the media (the "IT" so to speak) at the time of manipulative referendums were no longer "free".
An "update" the Federal Republic's constitution was, according to Heiner Geisler, mediator between the old system and the newly awakened middle class, strongly necessary. Whether Liquid Democracy could represent such a "System Update", will be investigated in this work.
Some form of adaptation to the new era seems to me essential in order to free the West from its political crisis.
The citizens are now (with interest) as before much information on how each individual members of parliament. Establish expert groups and citizens can learn, regardless of the mass media in this. Through the Long Tail effect, there is already enough if a small group of people notice an error in a major policy decision in order to large masses of citizens within days, weeks, or months later than to mobilize (Zensursula as an example). This was in the past also possible, however, lasted much longer.
All these effects of the Internet, take a majority voting system (representative democracy), which in its fundamentals in the early 19th Century thought and in the middle of the 20th Century has been specified. At that time it was thought of entirely different principles of information dissemination and other needs in accordance with the participation of the population.
can
In periods of four years, citizens elect "a" party to influence the general direction. A citizen was the Role as a "party member" of modest means. The parties themselves, not the citizens should choose their personal elites.
The expertise you trust only professionals. These were the officials in the ministries, the professional politicians in the Bundestag and selected experts who appeared to anhörte.NGOs behind closed doors in the committees of the Bundestag - if you will - only in the form of "free association" in the Basic Law on. A creative - or even comparable to the parties - the role was not attributed to them.
All this is understandable in view at that time: a wide participation was held on the "intricate details" uninformed population neither practical nor feasible. On the contrary, not even simple direct-democratic elements containing the new constitution. Man spared at that time the "Wisdom of the Crowd", but it was believed the people in free elections alone would Hitler to power and agreed in a referendum. Indeed, the historiography of 2011 is more specific. We now know that many factors were responsible for the seizure of power and the media (the "IT" so to speak) at the time of manipulative referendums were no longer "free".
An "update" the Federal Republic's constitution was, according to Heiner Geisler, mediator between the old system and the newly awakened middle class, strongly necessary. Whether Liquid Democracy could represent such a "System Update", will be investigated in this work.
Some form of adaptation to the new era seems to me essential in order to free the West from its political crisis.
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